Surgical workflow analysis has evolved in the types of intraoperative signals analyzed, with the goal of providing context-aware decision support to improve patient outcomes, identify surgical events, and support preoperative planning and postoperative analysis. Recent work has expanded analysis from coarse-grained levels (phases, steps) to fine-grained levels (action triplets). Action triplets describe a surgical scene using a triplet of <instrument, verb, target>.
However, with the advent of foundation models and the increasing need for model generalization ac
